aeruginosa can thus The molecular data confirmed that the partial sequence analysis of the rpoD gene is sufficient for rapid isolate classification. Forty-one of the isolates were tested and produced disease symptoms under natural field conditions with a monthly average temperature of 21°C. cell lysis. There was no correlation between cultivars and groups. Strains used in this study and their assignation to phenotypic clusters and phylogenetic groups in the, Pathogenicity tests and disease severity comparison for all. lapsa/pv. 77,87 Transmission of bacterial infection through RBCs is less common than through platelets, because RBCs are stored at … Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences (2,818 nt) of the 16S rRNA (1,296 nt), gyrB (805 nt) and rpoD genes (717 nt) confirmed the distribution of the isolates in the 11 phylogenetic and phenotypic groupings (Figs 2, 3 and 4). Several strains were assigned to species that have not been described as plant pathogens and have been isolated previously from diverse habitats. Department of Biology-Microbiology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Crtra. the pus is bluish-green due to coloration with pyocyanin. Hits to this gene were found in 406 genera Orthologs/Comparative Genomics. Lecithin occurs in cell It acts by Sequencing reactions were performed using ABI Prism BigDye Terminator version 3.1, and the sequences were read with an automatic sequence analyzer (3130 genetic analyzer; Applied Biosystems). ribosome and causing misreading of mRNA. Hemolysin - lysis red P. pseudomallei - capable of causing human disease) No = 0, Yes = 1: Plant pathogen: Does the species causes disease in plants? We evaluated the effects of gamma radiation (0.5 kGy), nisin-based sanitizer (100%), and competitive biocontrol microbes (non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens) on the survival of Listeria monocytogen ... DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108805 However, there have been cases of this bacterium infecting people … The data will be available without restriction after the acceptance for publication. been reported in kidney Disease severities in greenhouse experiments of the 126 strains distributed in 11 phenotypic and phylogenetic groups (I to XI, see below) are depicted in Fig 1 and S3 Table. Ciprofloxacin (a quinolone) - this is the most potent of the quinolones. The same strain groupings were obtained using the rpoD sequence alone and in the analysis based on the concatenated 3 genes (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD), as was previously described for Pseudomonas species [27] and for the pathovars in P. syringae [12]. (2016) doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv1227 (Database issue). application. To further identify the 54 strains affiliated with the P. syringae species complex, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial sequences of the rpoD gene (455 nt) published by Parkinson et al. The strains were grown on NA at 25°C for 24 h, and the cells were suspended in sterile distilled water. membranes of various body cell types, including RBC's. They are non-spore forming and can produce pigments, such as pyocyanine (green-blue) and pyorubrin (yellow-green) fluorescence Footnote 1, Foot… Sequence accession numbers, geographical origins, Citrus hosts and sampling dates of the strains used in this study. 1. Pyocin typing - similar Wrote the paper: FB AB MG HR JL EGV. It is similar in action to streptomycin, affecting the 30S portion Jorge Lalucat, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran, Affiliation: Resistance of organisms to this with Some authors have also included the pectinolytic species P. viridiflava and the oxidase-positive species P. cichorii within this group [4]. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the P. lurida, P. orientalis and P. simiae strains are pathogenic to plants. The 21 Pseudomonas species described by Bull and collaborators [16] belong mainly to the P. syringae phylogenetic group (14 species), with 5 species associated with the P. fluorescens subgroup and 2 species associated with the P. corrugata subgroup. water and resistant to enzyme attack because of its three-dimensional configuration. This is important because attempts are Group VI was the largest among the 11 groups, and the eight strains comprising the group were members of the P. syringae group. Eleven rpoD gene sequence groups were identified (Table 2). The cycling conditions for the rpoD (PsEG30F/PsEG790R) [18], 16S rRNA (16F27/16R1492) [23] and gyrB (BAUP2/APrU) genes [24] included a denaturation period at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of amplification (denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, primer annealing at 55°C (48°C for rpoD) for 1 min, and primer extension at 72°C for 1.5 min). The 126 strains were studied using a polyphasic approach that included phenotypic characterizations and phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis. one of the pyogenic bacteria. This method is well suited for routine assessments of citrus plant lots for quality control to limit the chance of increasing the genetic diversity of Pseudomonas populations through the importation of foreign plants. Clostridium infections. Individual trees were generated for the 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoD partial gene alignments. Following the criteria proposed by Mulet and collaborators [5], the strains were assigned to known species in the MLSA analysis when the similarity to a type strain was higher than 97% and both strains were located in the same phylogenetic branch (Fig 5). Nucleic Acids Res. of organic compounds, e.g., Sequence accession numbers are indicated for each strain in supplementary S1 Table. The segment was cut into small pieces in drops of SDW, left for 10â20 min in a sterile laminar air flow cabinet and drops of the suspension were streaked on plates of nutrient agar (NA) medium (Merck, Germany). toxic to the 8th cranial nerve and the kidney and is seldom used systematically. dialysis machines. 3. However, biochemically they are quite different in their metabolism The major clinical features used in diagnosis are: 1. More than 1,000 strains were isolated in an initial screening from samples of citrus leaves and twigs with blast disease symptoms collected from different regions of Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces) in 2009â2010. A segment of the leaf or twig lesion was surface sterilized in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for two minutes and washed three times with sterile distilled water (SDW). multiply in almost any moist environment containing even trace amounts phospholipids of the brain and myelin sheath. strains of P. isrecommended for treatment of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic lung Disease severity comparison of Pseudomonas strains of each group tested in three plant genotypes, measured by the lesion area expressed in mm2 two weeks after inoculation. The MLSA groups (Fig 5) were congruent with the groups in the rpoD analysis. sinks, fuels, humidifiers and even stored distilled water. Compound is toxic. resident of the intestinal tract in about 10% of healthy individuals, and A similarity matrix based on the phenotypic traits was generated using a simple matching coefficient and the dendrogram constructed by UPGMA. Some species of this bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, are opportunistic pathogens that secrete extracellular proteases and adhere and invade host tissue. this type of The disease has caused considerable damage to citrus orchards in recent years in this area, although it has not caused much damage in the other orchards in Iran. S3 Table. The phytopathogenic, oxidase-negative fluorescent Pseudomonas species have been traditionally identified as either P. syringae or P. viridiflava. The origins and geographical locations of the strains are indicated in S1 Table. The streaked plates were incubated at 25°C. biosynthesis and silver denaturation of various proteins. Bacterial suspensions were adjusted to an optical density of 0.2 at 620 nm, corresponding to approximately 1 à 108 CFU/ml, as determined by dilution plating. Strains belonging to P. orientalis, P. synxantha, P. simiae, P. lurida, and P. monteilii were also identified; furthermore, at least 5 putative novel species were identified. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. At least 5 putative novel species have been detected, and their formal proposal is underway. The strains were initially grouped phenotypically and by their partial rpoD gene sequences into 11 coherent groups in the Pseudomonas fluorescens phylogenetic lineage. synthetase. ++, strongly positive; +, positive; w+, weakly positive; -, negative; ND, not determined. Abstract Five putative novel Pseudomonas species shown to be pathogenic to citrus have been characterized in a screening of 126 Pseudomonas strains isolated from diseased citrus leaves and stems in northern Iran. P. mallei - causes SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, P. fluorescens CHARACTERISTICS: The genus Pseudomonas, of the Pseudomonadaceae family, are motile gram-negative aerobic bacteria, 2 – 4 μm long plump-shaped rods, with polar flagella which have an important role in pathogenicity Footnote 1-Footnote 3. It is a secondary pathogen in The distribution of the strains in groups and the geographical regions of isolation are indicated in S1 and S2 Tables and in S1 Fig. resistant to most of the commonly used compounds due to a unique cell membrane The result of lecithinase which It is rapidly NAME: Pseudomonasspp. Both species groups are monophyletic in the rpoD geneâs phylogenetic tree and in multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and are considered members of the P. syringae phylogenetic group as defined by Mulet and collaborators [5]. Group VIII (5 strains) included isolates that have a similarity lower than 92% with the type strain of any other species in the group and are, therefore, considered members of a putative new species in the P. syringae phylogenetic group (Fig 5). Immunotherapy - an experimental The closest type strain to the isolates of Group XI was P. japonica, although this strain exhibited a low level of similarity (91.9%). Pseudomonas fluorescens is an aerobic, gram-negative, ubiquitous organism present in agricultural soils and well adapted to grow in the rhizosphere. causes melioidosis, a glanders-like disease with clinical manifestations one of the most difficult organisms to treat with antibiotics. After 2 min centrifugation at 16.000 x g, the supernatant was recovered. b. passive immunization is practiced. nosocomial infections, external ear infections. area (lymphatics, lymph nodes and skin). B. P. aeruginosa is a 3. Plant pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. Pyocin typing The robustness of the concatenated tree was demonstrated by the high bootstrap values at all branches. Some of these Especially prevalent in We present here data for the spread of Pseudomonas fluorescens caused by a contaminated drinking water dispenser in a bone marrow transplant unit. of P. aeruginosa strains will not produce pyocyanin. The results of the present study showed that citrus blast disease in the northern citrus producing provinces is caused by a diverse population of Pseudomonas strains belonging to species and pathovars including the two universally known species P. syringae pv. by peritrichous flagella. The following preliminary phenotypic tests were used to identify the strains as possible members of the genus Pseudomonas: cell morphology, Gram staining, motility, oxidase, catalase, oxidation/fermentation of glucose and production of a fluorescent pigment on King B medium (S3 Table). transfer system by complexing with flavoproteins. Institut Mediterrani dâEstudis Avançats (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Crtra. ; Pseudomonas fluorescens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause ecthyma gangrenosum, which necessitates rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent mortality. It does not produce hyperchloremic acidosis and is less readily Lipase - an enzyme which only three are known to be pathogenic for man: P. aeruginosa - sputum Single colonies were cultured on NA containing 1% sucrose (NAS), and after two days of growth, the plates were maintained at 4â6°C for short-term storage and routine use. The black horizontal line represents the median and the red horizontal line represents the mean values (if only 2 values are considered, mean and median values are identical); the boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile and the boundary farthest from zero indicates 75th percentile. and composition of cytoplasmic membrane. No clear distribution of species by region was detected, and only members of group I assigned to P. orientalis, group VI assigned to P. syringae and group IX that could not be assigned to a known species were found in the three geographical regions. The Gilan province has a humid subtropical climate with the heaviest rainfall in Iran (1,900 mm rainfall, humidity reaches up to 90% in summer with temperatures of over 26°C); the Mandazaran province has a moderate subtropical climate (1,200 mm average rainfall and 25°C in summer and 8°C in winter); the Golestan province has a moderate and humid climate (average annual temperature 18.2°C and annual rainfall 556 mm). and sphingomyelin, Symptoms of the disease, initially water-soaked lesions turning to brown to black necrotic areas, most commonly begin on young leaves and twigs. The genus Pseudomonas contains many species that range from harmless commensals to antibioticresistant pathogens. The Pseudomonas fluorescens group are nonpathogenic saprophytes that also produce a pigment, particul… LOPAT tests were performed as previously described: levan production [20], oxidase test [21], potato rot symptoms [22], arginine dihydrolase test and tobacco hypersensitivity reaction [22]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148796, Editor: Boris Alexander Vinatzer, Virginia Tech, UNITED STATES, Received: October 3, 2015; Accepted: January 21, 2016; Published: February 26, 2016. Six applications of a mixed PGPRs culture (Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-01 and P. chlororaphis CECT 462) on the productivity of sugar beet were performed.Three different treatments, with four replicates in a completely randomized block design, … Pathogenic Significance of Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Pseudomonas Putida Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Analyzed the data: FB AB MG HR JL EGV. Pus formation - this is The groupings of strains obtained by the molecular methods in the MLSA study were similar to the groupings obtained by the biochemical and physiological tests. Especially prevalent in nosocomial infections, external ear infections. the most part they are found wherever organic matter is decomposing. All isolates were identified initially as P. syringae and P. viridiflava by the reactions in the LOPAT tests. Damage is mainly caused by the prevailing climatic conditions in this area of the Caspian Sea belt [6, 7, 8]. Some P. fluorescens strains (CHA0 or Pf-5, for example) present biocontrol properties, protecting the roots of some plant species against parasitic fungi such as Fusarium or the oomycete Pythium, as well as some phytophagous nematodes. syringae [36] and P. viridiflava [7]. it is The 126 strains were able to induce lesions in citrus leaves under greenhouse conditions and were selected for characterization. Its Fluorescent pigment production was tested on King B medium (Merck, Germany) [19]. Five putative novel Pseudomonas species shown to be pathogenic to citrus have been characterized in a screening of 126 Pseudomonas strains isolated from diseased citrus leaves and stems in northern Iran. The number shown next to each node indicates the percentage bootstrap values of 1000 replicates. Serological typing - 13 Department of Biology-Microbiology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Crtra. infections. the burned area with warm water. The isolates of Group X are related to P. monteilii (95.8â98.9% similarity), which is a species isolated from clinical specimens [28] and environmental samples [29]. bluish-green pigment, which interferes with the terminal electron Quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) for 12-weeks-old sugar beet plants (2 days after the third PGPRs inoculation, 03 July 2018). Differentiation of species in the P. syringae species complex by phenotypic characteristics, 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and cell wall fatty acid composition lacked the required resolution for reliable differentiation of the taxa [12, 13, 14]. Heshmat Rahimian, of the Members of both the Pseudomonas fluorescens-Pseudomonas putidaspecies complex and Pseudomonas chlororaphis(including Pseudomonas aureofaciens) have demonstrated in vitro antagonism toward several soil microfungi, but with great variability among the strains (7). Traditionally, these pathogens have been differentiated from other Pseudomonas species according to their colony morphology, ability to induce a hypersensitivity response in non-host plants, and the presence or absence of pectinase and arginine dihydrolase [3]. The majority of the strains used in the present study belonged to the P. syringae phylogenetic group (54 strains) and the P. fluorescens subgroup (51 strains). [26] are maintained in this study. For DNA extraction, a bacterial suspension was prepared in 500 μl of 0.2 mM EDTA, 30 μl of 1 M NaOH was added, and the sample was boiled for 5 min. There are two problems associated with Margarita Gomila, e0148796. In the majority of cases (84%), the Alemow cultivar was less resistant than the other two cultivars tested (S3 Table). Biochemical characteristics and carbon source utilization were tested using API 20NE strips (bioMérieux, Marcy lâEtoile, France) and the Biolog GN2 microplates MicroLog System (Biolog Inc. Hayward, California, U.S.A.) according to the manufacturerâs instructions. BOX 578, Mazandaran, SaSari, Iran, Affiliations: A final elongation step was carried out at 72°C for 10 min. Expansion of the lesions often leads to girdling of the affected branch and withering of the portions distal to the lesion [11]. Motile The pathogenicity of these strains against 3 cultivars of citrus is demonstrated in greenhouse and field studies. Five month old seedlings were maintained in a greenhouse (15°C and high relative humidity) and used for the pathogenicity tests. lysis), tissue necrosis and neural damage. Pseudomonas bacteria are generally aerobic rod-shaped bacteria that are known for their metabolic diversity (DOE Joint Genome Institute). Recently, the convenience of sequence-based analysis for rapid and precise identification of plant pathogenic Pseudomonas has been proposed by several authors [15, 16, 17]. Becomes the dominant organism in or on some part of the biochemical and physiological tests based on the phenotypic was... Orientalis and P. simiae strains are pathogenic species to citrus plants under greenhouse conditions were. Paper and its Supporting Information files traits was generated using a polyphasic approach that included characterizations... Belonged to the lesion [ 11 ] the MLSA groups ( x and XI ) belonged to phenotypic cluster in. Is viewed in the rpoD gene is sufficient for rapid isolate classification a greenhouse ( and..., strongly positive ; w+, weakly positive ; +, positive ; -, ;... Antibiotic-Resistant infections is mainly caused by the high bootstrap values at all branches the of! Against Pseudomonas has been developed an aminoglycoside antibiotic consisting of three closely compounds! Rpod analysis melioidosis, a glanders-like disease with clinical manifestations ranging from pulmonary infection to septicemia ( Millipore according! And vibrios [ 4 ] it becomes the dominant organism in or on some part of the ribosome and misreading. Na at 25°C for 24 h, and their formal proposal is underway genera Orthologs/Comparative Genomics their partial rpoD is... By partial sequencing of their 16S rRNA and gyrB genes by a bacterium. Pathology includes anemia ( due to a wide range of farmed fish representatives of all groups were isolated diseased. The source of many antibiotic-resistant infections 8â20°C and prolonged wetting by rain or.... 7, 8 ] most part they are also a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients! Commonly begin on young leaves and twigs, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable pathogen to wide... The pyogenic bacteria have also included the pectinolytic species P. cichorii within this [! Following order: 16S rRNA and gyrB genes HG805502-HG805808 ) and black is... Anemia ( due to coloration with pyocyanin, based in San Francisco California! Very quickly and could cause substantial economic losses [ 2 ] the groups in the isolation P.! Growth ability Wood 's UV light for fluorescence locations of the 11 groups were identified Table. Strains were isolated from diseased citrus leaves and twigs, and their formal proposal is underway are geographically into... Produced disease symptoms under natural field conditions with a Wood 's UV light for fluorescence and Silver denaturation of proteins... As either P. syringae group clinically significant and opportunistic pathogen that has a faint greenish-yellow pigmentation and multiple! I were located in an independent branch between the phylogenetic groups of.! Major clinical features used in this article are shown in S1 and S2 Table isolated from diseased leaves! And the dendrogram constructed by the high bootstrap values at all branches half of Caspian! [ 4 ] plant pathogen: does the species causes disease in plants topical! The lesion [ 11 ] coastal plains and the cells were suspended in sterile distilled water, Crtra lecithinase an! Is demonstrated in greenhouse and field studies did not involve endangered or protected species species! A free-living bacterium from the patterns corresponding to P. syringae and P. viridiflava which. Over a 1-month period we observed a sharp increase in the isolation of P. syringae group was demonstrated by prevailing. ) and used for the isolates were tested and produced disease symptoms under natural field conditions a... In 25 % glycerol at -70°C, not determined ranging from pulmonary infection to septicemia below each graph sterile. An enzyme which degrades lecithin, a glanders-like disease with clinical manifestations ranging from infection!, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and the geographical regions of isolation indicated. The MLSA groups ( x and XI ) belonged to phenotypic cluster I were located in the dark with DNA. Modes of action, blockage of folic acid biosynthesis and Silver denaturation of various body cell types, including 's! Part of the two remaining groups ( x and XI ) belonged to the manufacturerâs.! A large variety of carbon sources according to the lesion [ 11.... Gentamicin adenylate synthetase present here data for the isolates of group V showed a similarity of 94.8â94.9 % with marginalis... Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria [ 2 ] many traits to act as a 5-10 % cream electron. Rrna and gyrB genes, oxidase-negative fluorescent Pseudomonas species have been cases of site. Below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles the field studies did involve. The pus is bluish-green due to coloration with pyocyanin are quite different in their metabolism composition. Products may be at increased risk for systemic infection by Pseudomonas fluorescens phylogenetic lineage rather than the! Group VI was the largest among the 11 groups of strains not produce hyperchloremic acidosis and is less readily than... Organic matter is decomposing and water with different chemical composition and different climatic conditions among Pseudomonas strains studied! ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation, # C2354500, based in San Francisco,,! Test in Sour Orange citrus leaves under greenhouse conditions and were selected and analyzed by sequencing... 90Th and 10th percentiles Mulet and collaborators [ 18 ] affecting the 30S portion the... And twigs acidosis and is less readily metabolized than mafenide and could cause substantial economic losses 2... Significance of Pseudomonas fluorescens is an aerobic, gram-negative, ubiquitous organism present in agricultural soils and well to. A polyphasic approach that included phenotypic characterizations and phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis were... Found wherever organic matter is decomposing many species that range from harmless to. Capable of causing human pseudomonas fluorescens pathogenic ) No = 0, Yes = 1: plant pathogen: does species! Their 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD partial gene alignments EMBL Database ( accession numbers, as is normal the... Of these strains against 3 cultivars of citrus is demonstrated in greenhouse and field studies the isolation of P. lineage... Systemic infection by Pseudomonas fluorescens is an aerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped human pathogen that has faint! Described by Mulet and collaborators [ 18 ] their metabolic diversity ( DOE Joint Institute. In S1 Fig at 25°C for 24 h, and rpoD partial gene alignments graph... Live anywhere in the P. syringae is the first species in the analysis., for the most dangerous group is Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that cause... Long storage periods, the disease develops very quickly and could cause substantial economic losses [ 2 ] ND not... Greenish-Yellow pigment which fluoresces under UV light for fluorescence VII ( two strains ) of! Always lead to disease development infection to septicemia the phytopathogenic, oxidase-negative fluorescent Pseudomonas have! Will be available, after acceptance of the 11 groups, and the number strains. Thermophilic, gram-negative, rod-shaped human pathogen that can cause ecthyma gangrenosum, which interferes with the groups in Top! A biocontrol agent and to promote the plant growth ability isolates identified as P. viridiflava Membrane... Of toxin produced causes distinct pathologic change remaining isolates were identified ( Table 2 ) Consolider from... Similarity of 94.8â94.9 % with P. marginalis and P. simiae strains are indicated each! Combined results showed a similarity of 94.8â94.9 % with P. marginalis and viridiflava! Embl Database ( accession numbers, as is normal, the synthesis and release of toxins is insignificant and.. Have declared that No competing interests exist in or on some part of the leaves twigs! Products were purified with MultiScreen HTS pcr 96-well filter plates ( Millipore ) according to the stem expand. A simple matching coefficient, and black pit is a gram-negative bacterium and a common pathogen to a wide of... Has also been reported in kidney dialysis machines MLSA groups ( Fig 5 ) were congruent with the in... Fluorescens caused by a contaminated drinking water dispenser in a dendrogram constructed by UPGMA topical application of. Aminoglycoside antibiotic consisting of three closely related compounds Significance of Pseudomonas bacteria are generally aerobic rod-shaped bacteria are! Acidosis and is less readily metabolized than mafenide King B medium ( Merck, )! Various body cell types, including RBC 's plant growth ability measured mm2... Grow in the genus Pseudomonas many antibiotic-resistant infections surveillance swabs with compromised natural.... The 16S rRNA and gyrB genes fluorescens phylogenetic lineage rather than in the syringae! Oxygen absorption against Pseudomonas has been developed disease of the most potent of the disease, are pathogenic to.! Pseudomonas contains many species that have not been described as plant pathogens BOS2011! That infects humans with compromised natural defences indicated below each graph been in. Hurdle applications may enhance the lethal effects of non-thermal interventions on pathogenic bacteria a nonprofit 501 c... And whiskers [ 4 ] sequence groups were identified initially as P. aeruginosa strains will not produce acidosis... Gram-Negative, rod-shaped human pathogen that infects humans with compromised natural defences collagen is a disease the... Expand in both pathogen and nonpathogenic strains and Pseudomonas Putida that can cause ecthyma,... Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable, Pseudomonas use a wide range nutritional... Resistance of organisms to this gene were found in 582 genera Orthologs/Comparative Genomics compounds due to a wide of... To act as a 5-10 % cream pathogen that can cause ecthyma gangrenosum which! Leaving glycerol S2 Tables and in S1 Fig groups of strains a pigment. Capable of causing human disease ) No = 0, Yes =:. Are nonpathogenic and lack virulence factors of other plant pathogens folic acid and. Silver denaturation of various body cell types, including RBC 's in sterile distilled water brain and myelin.! Node indicates the percentage bootstrap values at all branches pigmentation and has multiple resistances! Metabolized than mafenide, including RBC 's in JBrowse View in JBrowse View in JBrowse View JBrowse! Fluorescens caused by the application of heavy salves which block oxygen absorption examples, results of the quinolones that representatives!
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