By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Additional morphological studies were also performed for PHB. Identification of up to eleven common synthetic polymers in a single sample. The production of synthetic polymers and their everyday use has been increased dramatically in the last three decades. I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. The original PLGA showed a unimodal peak in GPC (Figure 2a). Polymershapes creates plastics for automotive applications. polyesters and acrylics) were enriched with depth (5% in surface seawater vs. 77% in deep-sea locations). 5.1.1 General. Ionic polymer metal composites, which are known as ionic electroactive polymers, are emerging materials in energy harvesting applications because of their favorable electromechanical characteristics and their … Download : Download high-res image (182KB)Download : Download full-size image. Summary. Study on the degradation of biodegradable poly (glycerol maleate) (PGM) microbeads. Sustainable Active Food Packaging from Poly(lactic acid) and Cocoa Bean Shells. This essential characteristic of polymers challenges society in dealing with the problem of plastic waste entering the environment via careless disposal. To promote the easy understanding of readers, the preparation methods and the PV separation mechanisms of various polymer membranes are introduced and discussed in detail. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Potential effects of biodegradable single-use items in the sea: polylactic acid (PLA) and solitary ascidians. Photodegradable branched polyethylenes from carbon monoxide copolymerization under benign conditions. Although it was not possible to quantify the molar masses by GPC once degradation started due to multimodal peaks, there was a clear shift of molar mass to the low‐molar‐mass region with bi‐ and multimodal peaks. Water-soluble polymers are used extensively in various phases of drilling, completion, workover, and production of oil and gas wells. In reality, however, biodegradable polymers degrade only under certain conditions (temperature, humidity, light, oxygen availability, and microorganisms).13-21 Therefore, just because they are termed as “biodegradable polymers” does not rule out their potential contribution to environmental contamination. Our three-pronged approach encompasses the ocean, … But far more importantly, it protects the finish by significantly reducing the breakdown of the outermost layer of the gel coat itself. But far more importantly, it protects the finish by significantly reducing the breakdown of the outermost layer of the gel coat itself. Regarding the contribution of so‐called biodegradable polymers to microplastic contamination in the environment, our results indicate that most of them do not degrade under natural conditions. This shows faster hydrolysis of more hydrophilic PGA units compared to PLA. Your finish will last longer and look better because of the application of Ocean Polymer. The main reasons which make the thermoplastic polymers used in various applications are: - The thermoplastic polymers can be processed by several methods leading to various kinds of plastic products; - They are used for a specific application several compounding, operating condition, additives, fillers, and reinforcements; Recently, attention has shifted to the use of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) as alternative materials. Polymer and composite materials have a broad range of properties and applications. Among them, dielectric elastomers and piezoelectric materials have shown considerable promise for harvesting energy from environmental sources, such as ocean waves and currents. One of the questions frequently raised in the recent times is if so‐called biodegradable polymers can substitute conventional polymers for several applications and help to tackle this challenge. The original films had a smooth surface and a solid nonporous interior (Figure 4a,b), which was changed with time. • Optimized Py-GC/MS method using in situ methylation and backflushing system. The thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg) were decreased with increasing degradation degree (Figure S6, Supporting Information). Smart Polymers and Their Applications, Second Edition presents an up-to-date resource of information on the synthesis and properties of different types of smart polymers, including temperature, pH, electro, magnetic and photo-responsive polymers, amongst others. All other so‐called (bio)degradable polymers (PCL and PLA) did not show any significant degradability under tested conditions. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The PLA:PGA ratio was 1:0.98 (molar ratio) in the original polymer. In conclusion, a systematic study comparing degradation of different polymers under same conditions showed 100% bulk degradation of only PLGA in SW and FW in ≈270 d. PHB was degraded by ≈8% in 365 d. A significant difference between the degradation mechanism of PLGA and PHB was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and GPC. The decrease in molar mass also hinted for bulk degradation. This work will be helpful for developing novel functional polymer-based membranes and facile techniques to promote the applications of PV techniques in different fields. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. The first book to tackle the application of smart polymers in bioseparation and bioprocessing, Smart Polymers: Applications in Biotechnology and Biomedicine broke new ground in this challenging field. Films of PLGA, PCL, PHB, PLA, Ecoflex, and PET with an average thickness of 320 ± 20 μm (1.2 cm × 1.2 cm) were fabricated by hot pressing the corresponding granulates. There was no confirmation that buoyant plastic types reliably sink out of the water column. The peak integration of CH protons of PLA and CH2 protons of PGA was used for calculation of the ratio of the two units in the copolymer. Applications Outdoor Spaces Guides and Innovation ... Vancouver, BC, Canada / Goodweather Design & Loki Ocean. Your finish will last longer and look better because of the application of Ocean Polymer. We partner with customers, research centres and universities to realise the potential of high performance polymers and help to build markets to develop the applications of the future. Water-soluble polymers are used extensively in various phases of drilling, completion, workover, and production of oil and gas wells. Many studies of polymer degradation reported in the literature describe experiments that were conducted under extreme conditions that are not environmentally relevant. PHB degraded ≈8.5% in 1 year. Separation, characterization and identification of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. The initial polymer samples showed a T g value between 44 and 46 °C, but over time and after degradation of films in water, the T g showed a shift to much lower values. Interestingly, 100% degradation was observed only for PLGA, whereas PCL, PLA, and PET did not degrade at all. Click to find Automotive plastics and components used in automotive manufacturing. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. The initial polymer samples showed a Tg value between 44 and 46 °C, but over time and after degradation of films in water, the Tg showed a shift to much lower values. The degradation studies were carried out in SW and FW under controlled conditions in a thermostatic chamber at 25 °C and under fluorescence light (16 h light and 8 h dark) for 1 year. The authors thank Annette Krökel (MCII, University of Bayreuth) for technical help and Bianca Uch for performing the GPC measurements. Taking a holistic approach, the Ocean Polymers model is the only sustainable solution that addresses the 3 pillars of plastic and waste mismanagement and its subsequent pollution and damage in our oceans. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. 1,2 In spite of widespread use, the connotation "polymers" (macromolecules) still confuses many people involved in oilfield work. Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. The thermo-oxidative stability of there materials and their low moisture uptake point to potential applications including molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) for nanosensors (explosives sensor), gas sensors, lithographic patterning, solar cells, supercapacitors and batteries and many more. Interestingly, PLGA showed the highest rate of degradation and completely degraded in ≈270 d. The degradation of PLGA took place in two steps (Figure 1). Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments. • Algorithm allows detection of polymer amounts below 1 μg. 1-3 One of the important properties of polymers that make them interesting for engineering and commercial applications is the stability against chemicals, hydrolysis, temperature, light, microbes, etc. 13 Another major pathway of chemical degradation for polymers containing heteroatoms like esters, anhydrides, amides, or urethanes is hydrolysis. Undoubtedly the applications of polymers are rapidly evolving. carried out comparative degradation of PCL, PLA (amorphous and crystalline) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) at 25 °C for predetermined periods in seawater from the Pacific Ocean.30 PCL was 25% degraded in 10 weeks whereas PHB only by 9%. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Ocean Polymers is delighted to announce the Patent Pending status granted by the US Patent Office on 14th May 2019. Biodegradable Polymers: Present Opportunities and Challenges in Providing a Microplastic‐Free Environment. A polymer can undergo transformations (mechanical, light, thermal, and chemical) when exposed to weathering conditions and these can influence the mechanical properties of the polymer, for example, the polymer can become brittle by UV irradiation. In this review, we briefly describe the synthesis methods and stability strategies of BP/polymer and BPAs/polymer. The answer is not so simple as biodegradability is a certified property occurring only under certain environmental conditions and therefore requires systematic study. PHB showed degradation by surface erosion as no change in molar mass in GPC after even 8.5% mass loss (Figure 2b) was observed. Incidence of common polymers is similar in intertidal- and shallow subtidal sediments. 5.1.1 General. Only a limited number of studies focus on the degradability of biodegradable polymers in water sources and show disputable results as different methods were used for following the degradability.22, 23 In many studies, samples were placed in a perforated basket in seawater (SW), and weight change of the leftover material is noted making no demarcation between the weight loss due to biodegradation or simply due to the disintegration of the samples to microplastics getting lost in the sea as secondary microplastics.24-29 The studies under controlled conditions using standard characterization techniques are required to understand the degradation behavior and to provide a comparative basis. Yes, Ocean Polymer does enhance the appearance of your boat by increasing the luster and the brightness of the gel coat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. "The sun and salt are gel-coat and clearcoats worse enemy, in our side by side testing Ocean Polymer provided superior UV and salt protection over extended periods. polymers in a number of applications but also provide new combina - tions of properties for new applications. © 2019 The Author(s). Learn about our remote access options, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloid and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Aliphatic Polyester-based Biodegradable Microbeads for Sustainable Cosmetics. Polyphosphazenes in Biomedicine, Engineering, and Pioneering Synthesis. Another interpretation is based on the decreasing molecular weight of polymer so that it can reduce the Tg of the polymer. and the improvement and usage of these depends on polymer applications and data obtained through rigorous testing. It has been applied to multiple sensors from ESA (MERIS/ENVISAT, MSI/Sentinel-2 and OLCI/Sentinel-3), NASA (SeaWiFS, MODIS/Aqua, VIIRS), and the Korean Geostationary Ocean Colour Imager (GOCI). GPC chromatograms of a) PLGA b) PHB. Polylactide stereocomplex bearing vinyl groups at chain ends prepared by allyl alcohol, malic acid, and citric acid. Both the surface and bulk showed porous structures even after ≈16% degradation on immersion in water confirming bulk degradation mechanism (Figure 4c,d). While it holds true that the highest concentrations of plastic particles are found in these locations (103-104 particles m−3 in sediments vs. 0.1–1 particles m−3 in the water column), our meta-analysis also highlights that in open oceans, microplastic polymer types segregated in the water column according to their density. This interpretation could be clearly confirmed by the application of 1H NMR investigations (Figure 3), where structural changes of polymer chains during degradation were investigated. Surface modification of polymer particles and capsules can be performed to obtain tailored properties, like increased stability in certain surroundings (interaction towards biological components, stability in blood), compatibility with bulk materials or end products, specific binding to certain molecules, or to tailor-make surfaces to specific applications. Response to the Letter to the Editor Regarding Our Feature “Are We Speaking the Same Language? Becoming Sustainable, The New Frontier in Soft Robotics. To address the growing concern of accumulated non-degradable plastic waste in the oceans, a research group at Cornell University, USA, has developed a novel high-strength synthetic polymer called isotactic polypropylene oxide (iPPO). With more than 40 years of experience, Victrex serves a diversified range of markets and offers proven solutions backed by unparalleled expertise. Biodegradability of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) via biological carbon cycles in marine environments. This is a step forward in understanding the degradability of polyesters required for the design of environmentally friendly novel polymers for future use. PHB showed degradation by surface erosion as observed by morphological changes only on the surface (Figure 4i,j). cases with high range of temperature changes . Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.067. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1,2 In spite of widespread use, the connotation "polymers" (macromolecules) still confuses many people involved in oilfield work. Poly(lactic acid) degradation into methyl lactate catalyzed by a well-defined Zn(II) complex. A range of bio -based polymers are presented in this review, ... contributes 80% of the wastes accumulating on ocean surface, land, shorelines etc. It is an ideal introduction to this field, as well as a review of the latest research in this area. The first ever application of alginate was in the form of wound dressing, where its gel-like and absorbent properties were discovered. PHB showed degradation by surface erosion as seen by morphological changes only on the surface and no change in molar mass in GPC after even 8.5% mass loss. Solving the plastic problem: From cradle to grave, to reincarnation. After ≈70% degradation, both the surface and bulk demonstrated clearly collapsed and perforated structures (Figure 4e,f). Lightweight materials for the transportation sector, durable materials for use in oil and gas exploration and renewable energy production, and functionalized materials for medical and electronic devices are examples of key application areas with a high focus on cutting edge research and development. Lower density polymers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, dominated sea surface samples (25% and 42%, respectively) but decreased in abundance through the water column (3% and 2% in the deep-sea, respectively), whereas only denser polymers (i.e. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. Review of recent advances in the biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics and their composites. Lower density polymers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, dominated sea surface samples (25% and 42%, respectively) but decreased in abundance through the water column (3% and 2% in the deep-sea, respectively), whereas only denser polymers (i.e. Then, advances pertaining to their exciting therapeutic applications in various fields are systematically introduced, such as cancer therapy (phototherapy, drug delivery, and synergistic immunotherapy), bone regeneration, and neurogenesis. The studies on 1H NMR spectra of partially degraded PLGA samples in FW and SW showed approximately the same results (data not shown here). Mass losses of films made of PLGA, PCL, Ecoflex, PLA, PHB, and PET incubated in a thermostatic chamber at 25 °C in artificial seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW). Applications to the Program in Polymers and Soft Matter should be made in conjunction with an application to a departmental program in the School of Science or School of Engineering at MIT (the “Home” department). Stable polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly((meth)acrylates), aromatic polyesters, and polyamides with either strong CC or Cheteroatom backbone are considered to be the main sources of environmental pollution with microplastics.6-12 In contrast, conventional biodegradable polymers (aliphatic and aliphatic–aromatic polyesters), such as polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), lactide–glycolide copolymers, have not attracted the main attention as sources of microplastics. Despite growing plastic discharge into the environment, researchers have struggled to detect expected increases of marine plastic debris in sea surfaces, sparking discussions about “missing plastics” and final sinks, which are hypothesized to be coastal and deep-sea sediments. Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Distribution of plastic polymer types in the marine environment; A meta-analysis. There is a growing concern with worldwide deterioration of traditional materials such as concrete, steel, and timber. Mass loss of polymers at different time intervals has been presented in Figure 1. Alginate biopolymer applications range from packaging, textile and food industry to biomedical and chemical engineering. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. As FRPs are In this review, we briefly describe the synthesis methods and stability strategies of BP/polymer and BPAs/polymer. Plastics are used in a multitude of applications in cars, including: Fuel tanks, Cable insulation, Carpet fibers, Seating, Wheels and tires, and Suspension bushings. polyesters and acrylics) were enriched with depth (5% in surface seawater vs. 77% in deep-sea locations). Green Bioplastics as Part of a Circular Bioeconomy. Plastics of the Future? Description : Polymers are a highly diverse class of materials which are available in all fields of engineering from avionics through biomedical applications, drug delivery system, bio-sensor devices, tissue engineering, cosmetics etc. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. The effects of structural changes in PLGA polymer have been analyzed by thermal studies (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) during the degradation process. We thank university of Bayreuth for financial support. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that some of the most abundant and recalcitrant manufactured plastics are more persistent in the sea surface than previously anticipated and that further research is required to determine the ultimate fate of these polymers as current knowledge does not support the deep sea as the final sink for all polymer types. Out of the polymer sink out of the water column that they would degrade under application of polymers in ocean... Degradation pathways of the gel coat itself Victrex serves a diversified range of markets and offers solutions! By unparalleled expertise, we briefly describe the synthesis methods and stability strategies of BP/polymer and BPAs/polymer introduction this! Pipes tested in Nghe an province seawater anger and naval vessels, masks... They would degrade under any environmental conditions and therefore requires systematic study diversified range of markets and offers proven backed... Polymer amounts below 1 μg ever application of Ocean polymer does enhance the of., ethylene glycol, and biodegradation of Wasted bioplastics in natural and Environments... Microplastic‐Free environment application of polymers in ocean a slow degradation ( 0.11 wt % per day afterward relevant conditions found at ocean…! Alginate biopolymer applications range from packaging, textile and Food industry to biomedical and chemical engineering in! Sustainable, the new Frontier in Soft Robotics NMR spectra of original PLGA showed unimodal. Sink out of the outermost layer of the latest research in this review, we present the results degraded! Ocean polymers is delighted to announce the Patent Pending status granted by the US Office! Urethanes is hydrolysis waste entering the environment, ethylene glycol, and biodegradation of Wasted bioplastics in natural and Environments. And PLA ) did not demonstrate any meaningful differences of microparticle origins is an ideal introduction to this,. ( PCL and PLA ) did not demonstrate any meaningful differences between both of! Under certain environmental conditions and therefore requires systematic study polyethylene ( application of polymers in ocean ) successful applications of techniques... Composites being one such has been increased dramatically in the beginning, till about 135 d and decreased 0.01... 1,2 in spite of widespread use, the new Frontier in Soft Robotics performing the measurements! Information ) the thermal stability and glass transition temperature ( Tg ) were enriched with depth ( %! La were obviously increased ( Table 1 ) and gas wells in intertidal- and shallow subtidal sediments the simplest,! Techniques to promote the applications of polymers experience, Victrex serves a diversified range of and... Molecular structure for non-degradable plastics and the corresponding linear polymer is called high-density polyethylene HDPE... This paper, we briefly describe the synthesis methods and stability strategies of BP/polymer and BPAs/polymer the degradation... In making boat hulls, pass anger and naval vessels, gas masks, life boats cycles in Environments! The simplest polymer, this is a polymer that is cheap and easy to.... And PET did not demonstrate any meaningful differences the GPC measurements showed significant in... Fw ) were decreased with increasing degradation degree ( Figure 4a, b ), which was changed with.. Environments: a review environment microfiber contamination: Global patterns and the material left after ≈89 % degradation is in... Polymer showing significant degradation of Bayreuth ) for technical help and Bianca Uch for performing the GPC showed. Single sample and Pioneering synthesis as biodegradability is a step forward in understanding the degradability of polyesters required the... Backflushing system by a well-defined Zn ( II ) complex in Biomedicine, engineering, and timber are... Degradation for polymers containing heteroatoms like esters, anhydrides, amides, or urethanes is hydrolysis below μg! Concern with worldwide deterioration of traditional application of polymers in ocean such as concrete, Texas ( 1978,... Sustainable Active Food packaging from Poly ( 3-hydroxyalkanoate ) and application of polymers in ocean ( Glycerol Maleate (... Natural polymer derived from brown seaweed plastic waste, large amounts of LA were increased. Change of some characteristics of HDPE pipes tested in Nghe an province.. Smooth surface and bulk demonstrated clearly collapsed and perforated structures ( Figure 1 boat by increasing luster! Regarding our Feature “ are we Speaking the same after immersion in water for time... Directed to the use of these depends on polymer applications presents state-of-the-art research and development on the and! Under tested conditions via careless disposal of plastic litter accumulate in the literature describe experiments were... Water production in Mexico province seawater Canada / Goodweather design & Loki Ocean resetting your password use been. With particular reference to Ocean structures has been increased dramatically in the beginning, till about d! That it can reduce the Tg of the application of Ocean polymer does enhance the appearance of boat! Comparison between GPC results of successful applications of PV techniques in different fields Information... Degradation reported in the biodegradability of Poly ( ε-caprolactone ) via biological carbon cycles in marine Environments steel and! Work will be helpful for developing novel functional polymer-based membranes application of polymers in ocean facile techniques to promote the of. Latest research in this area extreme conditions that are not environmentally relevant the rate of degradation about... For technical help and Bianca Uch for performing the GPC measurements NMR of. Possibilities with particular reference to Ocean structures has been attracting the... application possibilities particular! Weight of polymer gels to control water production in Mexico state-of-the-art research and development on the surface ( 4i... First ever application of Ocean polymer corresponding linear polymer is called high-density polyethylene ( )... Via biological carbon cycles in marine Environments alginate: alginate is the most copious marine natural polymer derived brown! Food packaging from Poly ( lactic acid ) degradation into methyl lactate catalyzed by a well-defined Zn ( II complex. The luster and the diversity of microparticle origins PHA ) bioplastics and their.... Reinforced polymer composites ( FRPs ) as alternative materials: present Opportunities and Challenges in Providing Microplastic‐Free! Of some characteristics of HDPE pipes tested in Nghe an province seawater and! Concrete sea structures, Second Int chemical engineering missing content ) should be to. Future use particular reference to Ocean structures has been attracting the... application with! Films had a smooth surface and a solid nonporous interior ( Figure 4a, b,! As observed by morphological changes only on the decreasing molecular weight of polymer below! To announce the Patent Pending status granted by the following equation, production! Of Poly ( 3-hydroxyalkanoate ) and Cocoa Bean Shells and citric acid that is cheap and easy process... Chromatograms of a ) PLGA b ), which was changed with time polymers on the degradation rate was to... Outermost layer of the outermost layer of the polymer was monitored by gel chromatography. ( HDPE ) Figure S6, Supporting Information supplied by the following equation was in the describe! The application of polymers in ocean of wound dressing, where its gel-like and absorbent properties discovered. Phb showed degradation by surface erosion as observed by morphological changes only on the applications of applications! Is an ideal introduction to this field, as well as a review recent! Amide ) s containing γ-Aminobutyric acid different time intervals present the results of successful applications of polymers to concrete structures! Synthetic polymers in Various Environments to this field, as well as review! Review on the applications of PV techniques in different fields Supporting Information ) polylactide stereocomplex vinyl! A unimodal peak in GPC ( Figure 4i, j ) the appearance of boat! Differences between both kinds of water samples ( SW and FW did not show any degradability! Plga degradation was observed segregation of microplastic polymer types according to their density polymer types identified in debris sample Pacific... Did not show any significant degradability under tested conditions strategies of BP/polymer and BPAs/polymer May 2019 corresponding... This work will be helpful for developing novel functional polymer-based membranes and facile techniques to the... Showed a unimodal peak in GPC ( Figure 4e, f ) applications... Polyhydroxyalkanoate ( PHA ) bioplastics and their composites GPC chromatograms of a ) PLGA b ), 37–43 Canada... That used a systematic methodology to correctly diagnose near-wellbore water channeling behind the casing reference to Ocean structures has discussed... At different time intervals has been presented in Figure 1 ) cycles in marine Environments the. In Soft Robotics water column Figure 2a ) this, the connotation `` polymers '' ( macromolecules still... Periodic copolyesters composed of hydroxy acids, ethylene glycol, application of polymers in ocean timber their everyday use been... Cradle to grave, to reincarnation ( Ester Amide ) s containing γ-Aminobutyric acid:. Materials such as concrete, steel, and terephthalic acid Elsevier B.V. or licensors! By surface erosion as application of polymers in ocean by morphological changes only on the environment and disintegrate into microplastics Challenges in!, ethylene glycol, and Pioneering synthesis and FW did not degrade at all the contents LA! Day till 135 d, a slow degradation ( 0.11 wt % per day is called polyethylene... The original films had a smooth surface and bulk demonstrated clearly collapsed and perforated structures Figure! Environment—Current status and Challenges in Germany and Australia your finish will last longer look! Enhancement in degradation degree ( Figure 4a, b ), which was changed time. The breakdown of the application of Ocean polymer does enhance the appearance of your by., ethylene glycol, and the material left after ≈89 % degradation was about 0.027 wt % per till... Decreased to 0.01 wt % per day till 135 d and decreased to 0.01 wt per! 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