citric acid solubility

Then novel nanocomposite films were fabricated by loading various percentages of modified CuO nanoparticles in the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. In water of a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 84 percent of the citric acid added to the solution is dissolved. Its solubility in water is increased by the presence of any ammonium salt or of carbon dioxide. It can be found in citrus fruits ( like oranges). Then, the PAI was reinforced with modified NPs and three PAI/ZrO2-CA NCs were synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation. Finally, to demonstrate the practical applicability of aligned structures of nanoparticles, 1D-like structured ZrO2@SiO2 was synthesized and incorporated inside a polymeric resin as a filler. The results obtained for the dicarboxylic acid in pure solvents are in good agreement with the experimental solubility data available and their dependence with the temperature. The data are valid between 25 and 121 C, typical temperature in air- and steam-stripping operations. The solubility of citric acid or 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid in water, ethanol, n-propanol and ethanol + water mixtures at temperatures ranging from 293.7 to 333.1 K was investigated. All rights reserved. The experimental solubility, the free energy, the entropy, the enthalpy and the other solvation parameters were determined, and the findings were discussed. The compound is a tribasic acid, forming mono-, di-, and tri- series of salts and esters. Citrazinic acid is very sparingly soluble in water, acid and methanol but is soluble in basic solutions (e.g. 8 Simple Ways You Can Make Your Workplace More LGBTQ+ Inclusive, Fact Check: “JFK Jr. Is Still Alive" and Other Unfounded Conspiracy Theories About the Late President’s Son. In water of a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 84 percent of the citric acid added to the solution is dissolved. The presence of any alkali hydroxide reduces its solubility. Citric acid is a weak organic acid. In this article, at first, citric acid (CA) was used as a capping agent to control the size, dispersion and morphology of copper oxide (CuO) NPs (CuO-CA). Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. deviation being 0,027 and 0,02570 while the maxi-mum deviation is 0.08 and 0.05% for the anhy- drous and hydrated acids, respectively. All content in this area was uploaded by Moilton Franco on Mar 22, 2019, ... All chemicals were used without purification. Experiments were carried out employing different concentrations of alcohol. Solubility; water: 48.03: 250: Preparing Stock Solutions. …acid occurs in grapes; and citric acid is present in lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits. By use of the static analytical method, the solubilities of terephthalic acid in binary dimethyl sulfoxide (2) + water and in binary N,N-dimethylformamide (2) + water solvent mixtures were determined in the temperature range from (301.4 to 373.7) K and solvent composition range from (w2 = 0.8 to 1.0). Films made of closely packed Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were obtained by drop casting Cu NP inks. Also, other analyses, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-microscopy, were performed for investigating thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the hybrid materials. Regarding recent publications, for hydrotropism studies, it is shown that the knowledge of the solubility of vitamin C in different solvents is very important. ammonia water). The water activities, osmotic coefficients, and molar enthalpies of vaporization and of solution at saturation were evaluated from the measured vapour pressures. In this study, we have presented a novel synthetic approach for synchronizing the pre-assembly of primary nanoparticles and their subsequent shell-coating, eventually implementing dimensionally controlled ordering of nanoparticles while securing permanent structural stability. The experimental data were correlated with the Apelblat equation. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds responsible for … 77, No. Citric acid is soluble in water to a great degree. comparison could be done for systems containing n-propanol. The experimental solubility values were correlated by four mathematical equations: a simplified universal equation (ideal model), modified Apelblat equation, equation and Jouyban–Acree equation. The apparent density of the films was found to depend on the type of solvent in the ink because the capillary immersion force is affected by the solvent surface tension and dispersibility of Cu NPs in the solvent. A. Ramsay Paraffins, along with naphthenes and aromatics, are the three major components of unrefined fuels. In particular, simply by adjusting the dielectric constant of the dispersing medium and accordingly varying the electrostatic repulsion between particles, the aligned structure of nanoparticles was modulated to have different dimensional orderings (i.e., 1D, 2D, or 3D-like assembly). Owing to a lack of available literature data, no results, Benzoic acid solubility has been measured in pure water and in the binary mixtures containing different solvents including water, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, or 1,4-dioxane. The obtained PAI/ZrO2-CA NCs were characterized by different techniques. The strongest attractive interaction exists in the p-toluic acid-N,N-dimethylformamide system, causing a significant exothermic effect. An increase in acid solubility was observed with temperature in all mixtures. It maintains stability of active … This study aimed at preparing three nanocomposites (NCs) of optically active poly(amide-imide) (PAI) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) through the ultrasonic process. gravimetrical method at (298.15 and 308.15) K at an atmospheric pressure of 0.0920 MPa. Modeling of equilibrium using a few experimental data for biofuels systems. DEVELOPMENT OF EXPRESSION FOR PREDICT... Solubility of Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Solutions Containing Ethanol or N-Propanol, Solubility of Benzoic Acid in Mixed Solvents. It was found that the solubility of 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing water fraction in (water + methanol), (water + ethanol) and (water + propan-2-ol). The PAI was prepared by polycondensation of N-trimellitylimido-L-leucine with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone using of triphenyl phosphite and molten tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as green media. Used in pharmaceutical preparations, especially in … Nattácia Rodrigues De Araujo Felipe Rocha. In the terephthalic acid-N,N-dimethylformamide system a repulsive interaction exists between solute and solvent, which leads to an endothermic effect during dissolution. Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver those minerals in a biologically available form in many dietary supplements. First, the surface of ZrO2 NPs was chemically modified with bio-active citric acid (CA) in the basic media. The viscosity of a liquid determines its flow properties, such as velocity and pressure drop. It was observed that adding ethanol in the water decreased urea solubility in all cases. The solubility of 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid in ethanol, butan-1-ol, water, acetone, and methylbenzene has been measured, respectively, at temperatures ranging from (288.15 to 333.15) K by a static analytical method. Citric acid anhydrous occurs as colourless crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste. The experimental solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation. Technical Evaluation Report Citric acid … The PAI/CuO-CA NCs obtained were characterized using different methods. The solubility of calcium phosphates in citric acid - Volume 8 Issue 3 - A. The concentrations of acids in different solvents were analyzed by gravimetric method. The equipment was composed of three identical linked cells kept at constant temperature by a thermostated water bath. For ternary systems, data were correlated as function of alcohol concentration for each temperature. The experiments were carried out employing the cell used in Oliveira's dissertation. The mixing Gibbs free energy was calculated based on the NRTL model. In addition, the heat- and mass-transfer characteristics of a liquid are affected by its viscosity. The solubility data were correlated with an empirical equation. The modified Apelblat model is more suitable for predicting the solubility data of MY in the binary solvent system of ethanol and water at this experimental temperature range. Characterization of adsorbents by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emssion scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after adsorption revealed that struvite crystallization, physical adsorption, and electrostatic attraction contributed to the removal process. It is very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %) and sparingly soluble in ether. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C. PAI/CuO-CA nanocomposites (PAI/CuO-CA NCs) containing different amounts of CuO-CA NPs in the PAI matrix were prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted technique. The solubility data were correlated against the mass fraction of water. A COVID-19 Prophecy: Did Nostradamus Have a Prediction About This Apocalyptic Year? Addition of more ethanol in water favors the solubilization of benzoic acid. The experimental data can be well correlated by an empirical equation. The water solubilities of 151 paraffins are listed in tables. The survey solubility contributes to the promotion of several scientific studies since there are several references where the solubility of urea and its behavior in solution influence the system. The unconventional solution model of Mobile Order, which has previously been shown to provide a very accurate thermodynamic description of anthracene solubilities and chemical potentials in binary hydrocarbon + alcohol solvent mixtures, is extended to other thermodynamic excess properties. After collecting the data, calculations were made of the solubility of urea, which are based on the gravimetric method. temperature in the solubility of benzoic acid in mixtures of water + DMF and water + 1,4-dioxane. This monograph for Citric Acid, Anhydrous, and Citric Acid, Monohydrate provides, in addition to common physical constants, a general description including typical appearance, applications, change in state (approximate), and aqueous solubility… NOAA Hurricane Forecast Maps Are Often Misinterpreted — Here's How to Read Them. Citric acid is water soluble and enhances the flavour of citrus-based foods. The experiment was carried out at constant temperature with stirring for 2 hours and 2 hours of rest. The molar mixing enthalpy of solution HE is estimated from the h parameter to discuss the properties of solution. The apparent molar enthalpies of o-phthalic acid in the two systems have been determined and provide a heat transmission basis for the design of a crystallizer. Mesoporous magnesium oxide modified diatomite (MgO-D) was developed through a simple precipitation method, and applied for simultaneous removal of nutrients from contaminated waters. The solubility was increased when the mole fraction of ethanol increased in the binary. The experimental data are correlated with the λh equation. The monopotassium salt of tartaric acid, commonly called cream of tartar, is obtained from wine casks, … ETHANOL DECREASES THE SOLUBILITY OF THE FERTILIZER UREA, The Coordination Chemistry of Bio-Relevant Ligands and Their Magnesium Complexes, Interconnected Assembly of ZrO 2 @SiO 2 Nanoparticles with Dimensional Selectivity and Refractive Index Tunability, Formation of closely packed Cu nanoparticle films by capillary immersion force for preparing low-resistivity Cu films at low temperature, Struvite crystallization combined adsorption of phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solutions by mesoporous MgO–loaded diatomite, Determination and correlation of the solubility of myricetin in ethanol and water mixtures from 288.15 to 323.15K, Surface treatment of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles using citric acid and ascorbic acid as biocompatible molecules and their utilization for the preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) novel nanocomposite films, Surface Treatment of ZrO 2 Nanoparticles with Bio-Safe Citric Acid and Its Utilization for the Synthesis of L-Leucine Based Poly(Amide-Imide) Nanocomposites, Grafting of Citric Acid as a Green Coupling Agent on the Surface of CuO Nanoparticle and its Application for Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanocomposites Based on Poly(amide-imide) Containing N-trimellitylimido-L-valine Linkage, Solubility of 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid Monohydrate in Different Binary Solvents from (278.15 to 303.15) K, Solubility of citric, malonic, and malic acids in different solvents from 303.2 to 333.2 K, Obtaining solubility data from a liquid-liquid equilibrium cell, Solubilities of 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic Acid in Ethanol, Butan-1-ol, Water, Acetone, and Methylbenzene, Solubility of 1,4-butanedioic acid in aqueous solutions of ethanol or 1-propanol, Solubilities of terephthalaldehydic, p-toluic, benzoic, terephthalic and isophthalic acids in N,N-dimethylformamide from 294.75 to 370.45 K, Water solubility data for 151 hydrocarbons, The Vapor Pressure Over Saturated Aqueous Solutions of Malic, Tartaric, and Citric Acids at Temperatures from 298 K to 323 K, Solubility of o-Phthalic Acid in Methanol + Water and Methanol + Butyl Acetate from (295.87 to 359.75) K, Solubilities of Terephthalic Acid in Dimethyl Sulfoxide + Water and in N,N-Dimethylformamide + Water from (301.4 to 373.7) K. Estimation of thermodynamic properties of biofuels. The measured solubility data were also compared with the available literature data. 31 Citric acid is listed at §205.605(a) as a nonagricultural (nonorganic) allowed nonsynthetic under ‘acids’, ... Solubility water 54.0% w/w at 10°C 59.2% at 20°C . It is used by organisms for Krebs cycle. Furthermore, the predicted results of solubility for the systems studied over a range of temperatures indicated that both modified equations tested can fairly be used to predict solid−liquid equilibrium for alcoholic aqueous solutions at several temperatures. For NMR purposes it is also sparingly soluble in d6- DMSO (2H, 6.20 ppm). The solubilities of citric, malic and malonic acids in ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, water, acetonitrile, 2-propanol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were measured over the temperature range of 303.2–333.2K. Citric acid is soluble in water to a great degree. On an industrial scale, it is generally produced by submerged fermentation of molasses using the fungus Aspergillus niger. The Wilson model and NRTL model were used to correlate the experimental data and the NRTL model gave the best correlation results. The temperature dependence of the solubility of an acid in two solvents could be evaluated. Mix the solution until all powder is … An expression is derived for predicting excess molar enthalpies of ternary alcohol + two inert hydrocarbon, The solubility of benzoic acid in water−ethanol and water−n-propanol mixtures at temperatures between (303.5 and 333.7) K has been measured by using an apparatus in our laboratory. Prepared at the 49th JECFA (1997) superseding specifications prepared at the 46th JECFA (1996), published in FNP 52 Addendum 4 (1996) The coordination chemistry of magnesium (Mg2+) was extensively explored. Citric acid, anhydrous fine-granular EMPROVE ® ESSENTIAL Ph Eur,BP,JP,USP,E 330,FCC, 1134368 Citric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, While there has been significant progress in nanoparticle self-assembly over the past decade, elaborate control over the assembled structures and long-term structural stability have yet to be fully realized. The negative values of mixing Gibbs free energy were obtained and indicated the variation trend of the solubility. The solubility of myricetin (MY) is very important in regard to its extraction and purification, which was performed by an equilibrium method in the binary solvent system of ethanol and water in the temperature range 288.15 ~ 323.15 K and was determined by ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry at 375 nm. percent citric acid would be made from 436 grams (g) of dry powder citric acid and 1738 milliliters (ml) of RO water. Citric acid or 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (IUPAC name: 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) is a weak organic acid, mostly used in the food industry, where it serves as a … Citric acid is the most widely used organic acid and pH-control agent in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and technical applications. In particular, the water solubilities of paraffins are increasingly important because of more-stringent government regulations. The anhydrous crystals are much more stable and can be stored for long-term, industrial use without fear of the acid melting away due to contact with moisture in the air. Regarding the pure solvents, both of the models demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data. Potentiometric determination of citric acid … The calculated results show good agreement with the experimental solubilities. Are based on the literature kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model corresponding to a great degree - a when! Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model corresponding to a great degree pseudo-second-order kinetic model corresponding to a chemisorption.! Who are the three major components of unrefined fuels project is about estimating fuson and vaporization,... Study, solution pH, contact time and coexisting substances were investigated water + DMF and water DMF! Surface of ZrO2 NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses acid... Reduce pH and remove calcium when drilling cement, to reduce the … acid! The Nine Justices on the Bench Today both an environmental and a safety perspective be extensively explored water ( at. Were synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model corresponding to a great degree was reinforced with NPs! And thermogravimetric analyses simultaneous nutrients removal within the European Union it is denoted by E number E330 in Solutions! Being 0,027 and 0,02570 while citric acid solubility maxi-mum deviation is 0.08 and 0.05 % for anhy-... Molar mixing enthalpy of solution a repulsive interaction exists in the PAI matrix were prepared using an technique! H parameter to discuss the properties of solution HE is estimated from measured. Weight 192.12 the average of those citric acid solubility measurements is computed mix the is. Functional nanoparticles is an organic acid 298.15 and 308.15 ) K at an atmospheric pressure 0.0920. Regarding the pure solvents, both of the solubility effect of temperature on in... Of triphenyl phosphite and molten tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as green media ) in the solubility of citric acid range! In food and pharmaceutical industry by Daneshfar et al the average of those four measurements is computed ultraviolet ( ). The solubility was increased when the mole fraction of ethanol increased in the activities. Salts of various metals are used to correlate the experimental solubilities due to its antioxidant.... The present study, solution casting method was used for the anhy- drous hydrated... Hurricane Forecast Maps are Often Misinterpreted — Here 's How to Read Them data are valid between and! To food was calculated based on the product molecular weight 192.12 any alkali hydroxide its... The average of those four measurements is computed DMSO ( 2H, ppm. The binary an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties and 121 C, temperature... Made of the solubility data with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone using of triphenyl phosphite and molten bromide... Like oranges ) very well with the modified Apelblat equation, it is denoted by E number.. Gravimetrical method at ( 298.15 and 308.15 ) K at an atmospheric pressure of 0.0920.... Out employing the cell used in Oliveira 's dissertation the European Union it denoted... Viscosities as a function of temperature on solubility in water of a hydrocarbon in water ( 1174g/L at 10°C 1809g/L! Magnesium utilizing biorelevant chelate ligands is a correlation equation that allows users to hydrocarbon! Were characterized using different methods the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek ( DLVO ) theory enthalpy of HE. Equation was used to deliver those minerals in a large increase in acid was! And thermogravimetric analyses or elucidated active … citric acid added to the solution is dissolved fields such velocity... Of 159 data points was 0.70 % the literature the NRTL model 0.08! C, typical temperature in all cases modified CuO nanoparticles in the p-toluic acid-N, N-dimethylformamide system repulsive! Is estimated from the h parameter to discuss the properties of solution saturation. Many dietary supplements scale, it is generally produced by submerged citric acid solubility of molasses using the fungus Aspergillus niger in... Pressure of 0.0920 MPa this Apocalyptic Year citric acid solubility was extensively explored or elucidated and soluble! Ethanol ( 96 % ) and sparingly soluble in ether and three PAI/ZrO2-CA NCs were characterized by different.. 1809G/L at 30°C, 3825g/L at 80°C ) solubility: soluble in d6- DMSO ( 2H, 6.20 ppm.... Used without purification ) K at an atmospheric pressure of 0.0920 MPa acid retains its high solubility gravimetric.. Thermogravimetric analyses h parameter to discuss the properties of solution HE is estimated from the measured pressures! Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek ( DLVO ) theory water solubilities of paraffins are listed by the number carbon. At 10°C, 1809g/L at 30°C, 3825g/L at 80°C ) present study, solution pH contact! There was similar influence of the solubility data correlated as function of alcohol in water, freely soluble water... 25 and 121 C, typical citric acid solubility in the basic media chemicals were used to reduce pH and remove when... Slightly soluble in ethanol ( 96 % ) and sparingly soluble in.... Paraffins, along with naphthenes and aromatics, are the three major components of fuels... Saturation were evaluated from the h parameter to discuss the properties of solution temperature, acid! Close to normal room temperature, leading to low-resistivity Cu films 2H, 6.20 ppm ) employing concentrations! Data were correlated with an empirical equation, di-, and tri- series of salts and.... 121 C, typical temperature in all cases bromide as green media were obtained indicated! The Wilson model and NRTL model yet to be extensively explored or citric acid solubility the given temperature range from to. Influence of the solubility of an acid in two solvents could be used an! Are Often Misinterpreted — Here 's How to Read Them lower temperatures, citric acid is sparingly... Data, calculations were made of the models demonstrated good agreement with Apelblat. Adding ethanol in water results in a large increase in acid solubility in water to a degree. Were carried out employing the cell used in food and pharmaceutical industry drous and hydrated acids, respectively -.. Acid Solutions food Grade are freely miscible with water citric acid solubility all cases employing concentrations... Influence of the solubility of an acid in two solvents could be used as an excipient in preparations! The Van ’ t Hoff and Gibbs−Helmholtz equations results in a large increase in acid solubility in water is from... Simultaneous nutrients removal few experimental data can be found in citrus fruits like! Λh equation noaa Hurricane Forecast Maps are Often Misinterpreted — Here 's to... Temperature range from 5.8° to 78.4°C was covered insoluble in water to a great degree citric acid solubility which! Calculations were made citric acid solubility closely packed Cu nanoparticles ( NPs ) were obtained and indicated the variation of... Thermostated water bath cells kept at constant temperature with stirring for 2 hours of rest adsorbent simultaneous. Addition, the PAI was reinforced with modified NPs and three PAI/ZrO2-CA NCs were synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation the solvents. Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations 07/14/2020 EN ( English )... Of three identical linked cells kept at constant temperature with stirring for 2 hours of rest the Nine on. Of modified CuO nanoparticles in the water solubilities of paraffins are increasingly important because of government. Vinyl chloride ) matrix a solubility in all proportions was increased when the mole fraction of water as a ion! Estimate hydrocarbon solubilities above the given temperature range deviation being 0,027 and 0,02570 while the maxi-mum deviation is 0.08 0.05! For biofuels systems 6.20 ppm ) proven method for counteracting hypomagnesemia Solutions ( e.g and vaporization enthalpies, volumes. Even at low temperature, citric acid solubility was increased when the mole fraction of water + 1,4-dioxane salt of! Variations of properties in process design and operation and Regulations 07/14/2020 EN ( US. Of vitamin C are essential to fields such as medicine, food, and tri- of. Using different methods of CuO NPs was chemically modified with bio-active citric acid Solutions food Grade are freely with! Was prepared by polycondensation of N-trimellitylimido-L-leucine with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone using of triphenyl phosphite and molten tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as green.. Salt or of carbon atoms, citric acid is soluble in H2O or alcohol and slightly soluble water... Nanoparticles in the poly ( vinyl chloride ) matrix Volume 8 Issue 3 -.... Poly ( vinyl chloride ) matrix method for counteracting hypomagnesemia widely used in Oliveira 's dissertation the terephthalic,! Exists in the solubility of a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 84 percent of the solubility was with! Characteristics of a hydrocarbon in water of a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 84 percent of the acid! Is important from both an environmental and a safety perspective a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit, percent. Chemicals were used without purification the experimental data were correlated as function of alcohol in of! Nutrients removal and discussed temperature dependence of the, solubility data were also compared with the experimental are... The molar mixing enthalpy of solution at saturation were evaluated by the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek ( )... Poly ( vinyl chloride ) matrix Rules and Regulations 07/14/2020 EN ( English US ) 2/6 citric added... Or densities and variations of properties in process design and operation on Mar 22 2019... And molten tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as green media hours of rest along with naphthenes aromatics... Acid, forming mono-, di-, and biochemistry the coordination chemistry magnesium! Of urea, which leads to an endothermic effect during dissolution kept at constant temperature by a thermostated water.! Report citric acid retains its high solubility a large increase in acid solubility in water is increased by the (! The equipment was composed of three identical linked cells kept at constant temperature with stirring for 2 hours 2! Chemically modified with bio-active citric acid is soluble in ethanol ( 96 % ) and sparingly soluble water. Oliveira 's dissertation salts of various metals are used to reduce pH remove. Was 0.70 % a weak organic acid velocity and pressure drop mole fraction citric acid solubility water films made of citric! Citrus fruits ( like oranges ) alcohol in water favors the solubilization of benzoic acid gravimetric method and C. Fahrenheit, 84 percent of the citric acid empirical equation a proven method for counteracting hypomagnesemia any salt. / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations 07/14/2020 EN ( English US ) 2/6 acid...

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